Clove and cinnamon: Novel anti-oxidant fuels for preparing magnetic iron oxide particles by the sol-gel auto-ignition method

authors	Bena-Arfa, BAE; Salvado, IMM; Ferreira, JMF; Pullar, RC
nationality	International
journal	JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
author keywords	Maghemite; Auto ignition; Clove; Cinnamon; Magnetic iron oxide particles; Eco-fuel
keywords	ALOE-VERA; SILVER NANOPARTICLES; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; GREEN SYNTHESIS; ESSENTIAL OIL; BIOSYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE; AROMATICUM; MAGHEMITE; EXTRACTS
abstract	Magnetic spinel ferrite particles were successfully prepared from only iron (III) nitrate, using clove and cinnamon plant extracts for the first time as eco-fuels for auto-ignition synthesis. Both natural substances were shown to play dual roles in the synthesis of the magnetic particles; i.e. as fuels (agents for biogenic reduction), and as anti-oxidants for preserving the magnetic phases during subsequent heating. In this regard, no special protective environments such as H-2/N-2 or argon gases were required during the heat stabilisation process, and samples could be stabilised by heating to 550 degrees C in air. The magnetic crystalline phase is mostly maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) rather than magnetite (Fe3O4), as revealed by Raman, since no Raman active phonon modes were detected for magnetite, and most of the bands were related to maghemite, with traces of hematite. Both fuels produced strongly magnetic soft ferrites, with magnetisation values of 75 A m(2) kg(-1), around the expected ones for maghemite Moreover, TG curves showed that maghemite degradation only occurs at relatively high temperatures, namely at 550 degrees C for Clove, and at 744 degrees C for Cinnamon, confirming the sustainable nature of the as-obtained materials against oxidation. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
publisher	ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
issn	0925-8388
year published	2019
volume	786
beginning page	71
ending page	76
digital object identifier (doi)	10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.306
web of science category	Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
subject category	Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
unique article identifier	WOS:000461778600009