The Health-Promoting Potential of Salix spp. Bark Polar Extracts: Key Insights on Phenolic Composition and In Vitro Bioactivity and Biocompatibility

authors	Ramos, PAB; Moreirinha, C; Silva, S; Costa, EM; Veiga, M; Coscueta, E; Santos, SAO; Almeida, A; Pintado, MM; Freire, CSR; Silva, AMS; Silvestre, AJD
nationality	International
journal	ANTIOXIDANTS
author keywords	Salix spp. bark polar extracts; phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity; anti-hypertensive potential; antibacterial effect; bioeconomy-based value chain
keywords	HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; WILLOW; HPLC; PROANTHOCYANIDINS; PHYTOCHEMICALS
abstract	Salix spp. have been exploited for energy generation, along with folk medicine use of bark extracts for antipyretic and analgesic benefits. Bark phenolic components, rather than salicin, have demonstrated interesting bioactivities, which may ensure the sustainable bioprospection of Salix bark. Therefore, this study highlights the detailed phenolic characterization, as well as the in vitro antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, Staphylococcus aureus growth inhibitory effects, and biocompatibility of Salix atrocinerea Brot., Salix fragilis L., and Salix viminalis L. bark polar extracts. Fifteen phenolic compounds were characterized by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection-mass spectrometry analysis, from which two flavan-3-ols, an acetophenone, five flavanones, and a flavonol were detected, for the first time, as their bark components. Salix bark extracts demonstrated strong free radical scavenging activity (5.58-23.62 mu g mL(-1) IC50 range), effective inhibition on angiotensin-I converting enzyme (58-84%), and S. aureus bactericidal action at 1250-2500 mu g mL(-1) (6-8 log CFU mL(-1) reduction range). All tested Salix bark extracts did not show cytotoxic potential against Caco-2 cells, as well as S. atrocinerea Brot. and S. fragilis L. extracts at 625 and 1250 mu g mL(-1) against HaCaT and L929 cells. These valuable findings can pave innovative and safer food, nutraceutical, and/or cosmetic applications of Salix bark phenolic-containing fractions.
publisher	MDPI
isbn	2076-3921
year published	2019
volume	8
issue	12
digital object identifier (doi)	10.3390/antiox8120609
web of science category	Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal; Food Science & Technology
subject category	Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Food Science & Technology
unique article identifier	WOS:000506633000042