Methodologies for bio-oil characterization from biomass pyrolysis: A review focused on GC-MS

resumo

Residual biomass pyrolysis offers a promising route for the production of bio-oil, which can be further processed into various green value-added fuels and chemicals. However, the complex composition of bio-oil requires thorough physicochemical characterization to optimize conversion processes and improve biomass-to-liquid technologies. This review provides a comprehensive appraisal of the influence of operating conditions, particularly biomass components, on the composition of bio-oil produced by pyrolysis, addresses physicochemical characterization methods, focusing on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for chemical analysis. Various analytical methods were reviewed, revealing differences in sample preparation, injection conditions, temperature programs, heating rates, chromatographic column dimensions, and stationary phases. The variety in methods difficult data comparison and highlights the need for standardized methodologies. While some approaches yield well-defined chromatograms with effective separation of bio-oil components, further assessments of repeatability and reproducibility are essential - both across laboratories using identical samples and within laboratories using varying samples. After compound identification, quantification using either GC-MS or GC-FID (GC with Flame Ionization Detection) with appropriate standards is recommended to enhance the reliability and validity of the results. Additionally, because GC-MS primarily identifies semi-volatile and volatile compounds, complementary techniques are necessary for a more comprehensive analysis. This review provides crucial insights into the existing methodologies and compiles a database of frequently identified compounds by GC-MS, aiming to support tool to the development of standardized methodologies for the accurate and comprehensive characterization of pyrolysis-derived bio-oils.

palavras-chave

CHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; FRACTIONAL CONDENSATION; CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS; LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS; OPERATING PARAMETERS; NMR CHARACTERIZATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HEAVY FRACTION; GC/MS ANALYSIS; CO-PYROLYSIS

categoria

Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Engineering

autores

Vilas-Boas, ACM; Tarelho, LAC; Moura, JMO; Gomes, HGMF; Marques, CC; Pio, DT; Nunes, MIS; Silvestre, AJD

Grupos

G3 - Materiais Eletroquímicos, Interfaces e Revestimentos
G4 - Materiais Renováveis e Economia Circular

Projectos

Collaboratory for Emerging Technologies, CoLab (EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES)

InPaCTus - Innovative Products and Technologies from Eucalyptus Project (InPacTus)

CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020)

CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDP/50011/2020)

Associated Laboratory CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (LA/P/0006/2020)

agradecimentos

This work was supported by Project BioValChar - Sustainable valorization of residual biomass for biochar, PCIF-GVB-0034-2019, doi: 10.54499/PCIF/GVB/0034/2019, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Project Inpactus - innovative products and technologies from eucalyptus, Project No 21874, POCI-01-0247-FEDER-021874, funded by Portugal 2020 through European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the frame of COMPETE 2020 no 246/AXIS II/2017. Thanks are due to Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES), Portugal, for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020) funds and to CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 & LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). The authors also acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology for providing financial support to the PhD scholarships granted to Ana C. M. Vilas Boas (ref. 2021.08162.BD), Helena G. M. F. Gomes (ref. 2020.09864.BD) and Catarina C. Marques (ref. 2021.08959.BD).