resumo
The recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is rapidly growing. Current methods are energy-intensive and hazardous, while alternative solvent-based strategies require more studies on their 'green' character, metal dissolution mechanism and industrial applicability. Herein, we bridged this gap by studying the effect of dilute HCl solutions in hydroxylated solvents to dissolve Co, Ni and Mn oxides. Ethylene glycol emerged consistently as the most effective solvent, dissolving up to four times more Co and Ni oxides than using aqueous acidic media, attributed to improved chloro-complex formation and solvent effects. These effects had a significant contribution compared to acid type and concentration. The highest Co dissolution (0.27 M) was achieved in 0.5 M HCl in 25 % (v/v) glycerol in water, using less acid and a significant amount of water compared to other solvent systems, as well as mild temperatures (40 degrees C). This solvent was applied to dissolve battery cathode material, achieving 100 % dissolution of Co and Mn and 94 % dissolution of Ni, following what was concluded to be a mixed mechanism. These results offer a simple alternative to current leaching processes, reducing acid consumption, enhancing atomic efficiency, and paving the way for optimized industrial hydrometallurgical processes leaning to 'greener' strategies.
palavras-chave
HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESS; HYDROCHLORIC-ACID; CHOLINE CHLORIDE; ETHYLENE-GLYCOL; DONOR NUMBER; RECOVERY; COBALT; WATER; EXTRACTION; PARAMETERS
categoria
Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics
autores
Bastos, H; Schaeffer, N; Pringle, JM; Coutinho, JAP; Pozo-Gonzalo, C
nossos autores
Henrique Bastos
Estudante de doutoramento
Nicolas Schaeffer
Investigador AuxiliarProjectos
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020)
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDP/50011/2020)
Associated Laboratory CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (LA/P/0006/2020)
PTNMR - Portuguese Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Network (REDE/1517/RMN/2005)
Collaboratory for Emerging Technologies, CoLab (EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES)
agradecimentos
This work was partly developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020, and LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES. NMR spectroscopy was carried out through the National NMR Network, funded within the framework of the National Program for Scientific Re-equipment, contract REDE/1517/RMN/2005 with funds from POCI 2010 (FEDER) and FCT. H. Bastos acknowledges the financial support from Deakin University (DUPR Scholarship 0000038986). The authors acknowledge the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre for Training Centre for Future Energy Storage Technologies (storEnergy) (IC180100049) for funding. Open Access publishing facilitated by Deakin University, as part of the Wiley - Deakin University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.