abstract
This paper describes a proton high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic study of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaves to characterise metabolic adaptations during leaf growth and exposure to mancozeb. Metabolite variations were identified through multivariate analysis and checked through spectral integration. Lettuce growth was accompanied by activation of energetic metabolism, preferential glucose use and changes in amino acids, phospholipids, ascorbate, nucleotides and nicotinatelnicotinamide. Phenylalanine and polyphenolic variations suggested higher oxidative stress at later growth stages. Exposure to mancozeb induced changes in amino acids, fumarate and malate, suggesting Krebs cycle up-regulation. In tandem disturbances in sugar, phospholipid, nucleotide and nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism were noted. Additional changes in phenylalanine, dehydroascorbate, tartrate and formate were consistent with a higher demand for anti-oxidant defence mechanisms. Overall, lettuce exposure to mancozeb was shown to have a significant impact on plant metabolism, with mature leaves tending to be more extensively affected than younger leaves. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
keywords
LACTUCA-SATIVA L.; HIGH-FIELD NMR; FUNGICIDE MANCOZEB; FOOD ANALYSIS; FRUIT; QUALITY; TOMATO; PROFILE; GRAPES; PLANTS
subject category
Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics
authors
Pereira, SI; Figueiredo, PI; Barros, AS; Dias, MC; Santos, C; Duarte, IF; Gil, AM
our authors
Projects
Role of the intestine in promoting the lipogenic effects of fructose (PTDC/SAU-MET/111398/2009)
acknowledgements
Funding is acknowledged from the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the Competitive Factors Thematic Operational Programme (COMPETE) and the Foundation for Science and Technology-FCT, Portugal (PTDC/SAU-MET/111398/2009, PEst-C/CTM/LA0011/2013, SFRH/BPD/41700/2007). The Portuguese National NMR Network (RNRMN), supported with FCT funds is also acknowledged, particularly the access to the NMR 800 MHz system at CERMAX where the spectra were acquired. The authors are also grateful to Bruker BioSpin, Germany, for providing access to spectral databases and to Ines Lamego for aiding with spectral acquisition.