abstract
Fly ash and Air Pollution Control (APC) residues collected from three municipal solid waste incinerators in Denmark and Greenland were treated by electrodialytic remediation at pilot scale for 8-10 h. This work presents for the first time the effect of electrodialytic treatment on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and how these levels impact on the valorization options for fly ash and APC residue. PCDD/PCDF levels in the original residues ranged between 4.85 and 197 ng g(-1), being higher for the electrostatic precipitator fly ash. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) varied ten fold, ranging 0.18-2.0 ng g(-1) I-TEQ with penta and hexa-homologs being most significant for toxicity. After the electrodialytic treatment PCDD/PCDF levels increased in the residues (between 1.4 and 2.0 times). This does not mean PCDD/PCDF were synthesized, but else that soluble materials dissolve, leaving behind the non-water soluble compounds, such as PCDD/PCDF. According to the Basel Convention, PCDD/PCDF levels in these materials is low (<15 mu g WHO-TEQ kg(-1)) and the fly ash and APC residue could eventually be valorized, for instance as construction material, provided end-of-waste criteria are set and that a risk assessment of individual options is carried out, including the end-of-life stage when the materials become waste again. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
keywords
SOLID-WASTE INCINERATORS; HEAVY-METALS; CHINA; MANAGEMENT; PLANT
subject category
Environmental Sciences & Ecology
authors
Dias-Ferreira, C; Kirkelund, GM; Jensen, PE
our authors
Célia Maria Dias Ferreira
Post-Doc FellowshipGroups
acknowledgements
The Danish EPA is recognized for funding the work through the Eco-innovation program. C. Dias-Ferreira is funded by FCT Grant SFRH/BPD/100717/2014.