abstract
ZnO/ZnO2 composites grown by hydrothermal synthesis at low temperature (180 degrees C) and thermally annealed at 300 degrees C were fully analysed by morphological, structural and optical techniques. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy clearly evidence the presence of both crystalline phases in the ZnO/ZnO2 sample. The differential scanning calorimetry analysis and thermogravimetric profiles indicate an exothermic event with a peak temperature ca. 225 degrees C, which is accompanied by a 8.5% weight loss, being attributed to the crystallization of ZnO from ZnO2. Upon a thermal annealing treatment at 300 degrees C the ZnO2 phase was completely converted into ZnO, as measured by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Photoluminescence investigations reveal that the emission is dominated by a broad band recombination in both samples, due to the overlapping of different emitting centres, and that the peak position of the PL emission is dependent on the excitation density. The ZnO/ZnO2 sample exhibits a widening of the bandgap when compared to the one only containing ZnO, likely related to the presence of the additional ZnO2 phase and suggesting a bandgap energy of similar to 3.42 eV for this compound. Surface analysis revealed that the sample exhibits a surface area of 90 m(2) g(-1), which decreases to 30 m(2) g(-1) after the thermal annealing and the full conversion into ZnO. This difference in the surface area showed particular relevance in the stability of the measured optical properties. Particularly, the intensity of the photoluminescence signal was seen to be higher in the ZnO/ZnO2 sample and strongly dependent on the measurement atmosphere, highlighting its potential to be employed in the fabrication of optical-based sensing systems for environmental applications, namely in gas sensors.
keywords
ZINC-OXIDE; ZNO NANOSTRUCTURES; EXCITONIC EMISSION; DEPOSITION METHOD; GAS SENSOR; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; NANOPARTICLES; NANORODS; LUMINESCENCE; DEFECTS
subject category
Chemistry; Physics
authors
Rodrigues, J; Medeiros, S; Vilarinho, PM; Costa, MEV; Monteiro, T
our authors
Maria Elisabete Jorge Vieira Costa
Collaborator
Paula Maria Lousada Silveirinha Vilarinho
Vice Directoracknowledgements
The present study was developed in the scope of the Smart Green Homes Project (POCI-01-0247-FEDER-007678), a copromotion between Bosch Termotecnologia S. A. and the University of Aveiro, which is financed by Portugal 2020, under the Competitiveness an Internationalization Operational Program (COMPETE) and by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). This work was also developed within the scope of the projects CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020 & UIDP/50011/2020, and I3N - Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, UID/CTM/50025/2019 & UIDP/50025/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES, as well as financially supported by FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme and National Funds through FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028755. The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Anna Wlodarkiewicz in the thermal analysis of ZnO powders.