resumo
Particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in the vicinity of an industrial chemical pole and analysed for organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), 47 trace elements and around 150 organic constituents. On average, OC and EC accounted for 25.2% and 11.4% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively. Organic compounds comprised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylated PAHs, anhydrosugars, phenolics, aromatic ketones, glycerol derivatives, aliphatic alcohols, sterols, and carboxyl groups, including aromatic, carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids. Enrichment factors > 100 were obtained for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Sn, B, Se, Bi, Sb and Mo, showing the contribution of industrial emissions and nearby major roads. Principal component analysis revealed that vehicle, industrial and biomass burning emissions accounted for 66%, 11% and 9%, respectively, of the total PM2.5-bound PAHs. Some of the detected organic constituents are likely associated with plasticiser ingredients and thermal stabilisers used in the manufacture of PVC and other plastics in the industrial complex. Photooxidation products of both anthropogenic (e.g., toluene) and biogenic (e.g., isoprene and pinenes) precursors were also observed. It was estimated that biomass burning accounted for 13.8% of the PM2.5 concentrations and that secondary OC represented 37.6% of the total OC. The lifetime cancer risk from inhalation exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs was found to be negligible, but it exceeded the threshold of 10(-6) for metal(loi)s, mainly due to Cr and As. (C) 2022 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.
palavras-chave
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; PARTICULATE MATTER; ABSORPTION-MODEL; TRACE-ELEMENTS; AIR-QUALITY; URBAN; EMISSIONS; PAHS
categoria
Environmental Sciences & Ecology
autores
Alves, C; Evtyugina, M; Vicente, E; Vicente, A; Rienda, IC; de la Campa, AS; Tomé, M; Duarte, I
nossos autores
Iola Melissa Fernandes Duarte
Investigador Principalagradecimentos
The sampling campaign and analytical work were supported by the projects "ATHEROFIT: Phytochemical-based metabolic immunomodulation to prevent/attenuate particulate mattermediated atherosclerosis"(OHM-Estarreja/2019-2128), funded by LabEx DRIIHM, and "SOPRO: Chemical and toxicological SOurce PROfiling of particulate matter in urban air", POCI-010145-FEDER-029574, funded by FEDER, through COMPETE2020 -Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI), and by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES. Margarita Evtyugina, Estela Vicente and Ismael Casotti Rienda acknowledge, respectively, the grants SFRH/BPD/123176/2016, SFRH/BD/117993/2016 and SFRH/BD/144550/2019 from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). Ana Vicente was subsidised by national funds (OE), through FCT, I.P., in the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. We are also grateful for the support to CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020 & UIDP/50017/2020) and CICECO (UIDB/50011/2020 & UIDP/50011/2020), to FCT/MCTES through national funds, and co-funding by FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.