A Review of Solar Thermochemical CO2 Splitting Using Ceria-Based Ceramics With Designed Morphologies and Microstructures

abstract

This review explores the advances in the synthesis of ceria materials with specific morphologies or porous macro- and microstructures for the solar-driven production of carbon monoxide (CO) from carbon dioxide (CO2). As the demand for renewable energy and fuels continues to grow, there is a great deal of interest in solar thermochemical fuel production (STFP), with the use of concentrated solar light to power the splitting of carbon dioxide. This can be achieved in a two-step cycle, involving the reduction of CeO2 at high temperatures, followed by oxidation at lower temperatures with CO2, splitting it to produce CO, driven by concentrated solar radiation obtained with concentrating solar technologies (CST) to provide the high reaction temperatures of typically up to 1,500 degrees C. Since cerium oxide was first explored as a solar-driven redox material in 2006, and to specifically split CO2 in 2010, there has been an increasing interest in this material. The solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency is influenced by the material composition itself, but also by the material morphology that mostly determines the available surface area for solid/gas reactions (the material oxidation mechanism is mainly governed by surface reaction). The diffusion length and specific surface area affect, respectively, the reduction and oxidation steps. They both depend on the reactive material morphology that also substantially affects the reaction kinetics and heat and mass transport in the material. Accordingly, the main relevant options for materials shaping are summarized. We explore the effects of microstructure and porosity, and the exploitation of designed structures such as fibers, 3-DOM (three-dimensionally ordered macroporous) materials, reticulated and replicated foams, and the new area of biomimetic/biomorphous porous ceria redox materials produced from natural and sustainable templates such as wood or cork, also known as ecoceramics.

keywords

THERMAL REDUCTION; SYNGAS PRODUCTION; FUEL PRODUCTION; POROUS CERIA; REDOX CYCLES; H2O; ECOCERAMICS; CEO2; CONVERSION; STABILITY

subject category

Chemistry

authors

Pullar, RC; Novais, RM; Caetano, ARF; Barreiros, MA; Abanades, S; Oliveira, FAC

our authors

acknowledgements

National funding provided by FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal), in the frame of the H2CORK project, grant no. PTDC/CTM-ENE/6762/2014 as well as POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016862 is gratefully acknowledged. RP wishes to thank FCT grant IF/00681/2015 for supporting this work. This work was developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, FCT Ref. UID/CTM/50011/2019, financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES. The authors would like to acknowledge the EU through the seventh framework programfor the financial support of this work under the STAGESTE project (Grant agreement ID: 609837), the INSHIP project (Grant agreement ID: 731287) and the SFERA II project (Grant Agreement ID: 312643).

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