abstract
Urine is a biofluid easy to collect through a non-invasive technique that allows collecting a large volume of sample. The use of urine for disease diagnosis is not yet well explored. However, it has gained attention over the last three years. It has been applied in the diagnosis of several illnesses such as kidney disease, bladder cancer, prostate cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In the last decade, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have attracted attention in biosensors' development for the diagnosis of diseases due to their electrical and optical properties, ability to conjugate with biomolecules, high sensitivity, and selectivity. Therefore, this article aims to present a comprehensive view of state of the art on the advances made in the quantification of analytes in urinary samples using AuNPs based assays, with a focus on protein analysis. The type of diagnosis methods, the Au NPs synthesis approaches and the strategies for surface modification aiming at selectivity towards the different targets are highlighted.
keywords
DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COLORIMETRIC DETECTION; COLLOIDAL GOLD; ULTRASENSITIVE DETECTION; METAL NANOPARTICLES; BLADDER-CANCER; SIZE; BIOMARKERS
subject category
Chemistry, Analytical
authors
Antonio, M; Vitorino, R; Daniel-da-Silva, AL
our authors
Ana Luísa Daniel da Silva
Principal Researcher
Maria de Almeida Vasconcelos António
PhD StudentProjects
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020)
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDP/50011/2020)
Collaboratory for Emerging Technologies, CoLab (EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES)
Projeto de Investigação Exploratória: Ana Luísa Silva (IF/00405/2014)
acknowledgements
This work was developed within the scope of the project IF/00405/2014/CP1222/CT007, the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020 & UIDP/50011/2020, the project iBiMED (UIDB/04501/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628), UnIC (UID/IC/00051/2019) and the project LAQV-REQUIMTE (UIDB/50006/2020), financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC and when appropriate cofinanced by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement. A.L.D.d.-S. acknowledges FCT (Fundac ~ao para a Ci <^>encia e a Tecnologia) for the contract (IF/00405/2014). R.V. thanks the FCT for the Investigator Grant (IF/00286/2015). M.A. thanks FCT for the PhD grant SFRH/BD/13688/2018. The authors also acknowledge Smart Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com/), for providing image vectors for Graphical Abstract, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).