abstract
Tomato processing leads to the production of considerable amounts of residues, mainly in the form of tomato skins, seeds and vascular tissues, which still contain bioactive molecules of interest for food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. These include carotenoids, such as lycopene and beta-carotene, tocopherols and sitosterols, among others. Supercritical fluid extraction is well positioned for the valorization of tomato residues prior to disposal, because it remains an environmentally safe extraction process, especially when using carbon dioxide as the solvent. In this article, we provide an extensive literature overview of the research on the supercritical fluid extraction of tomato residues. We start by identifying the most relevant extractables present in tomatoes (e.g., lycopene) and their main bioactivities. Then, the main aspects affecting the extraction performance are covered, starting with the differences between tomato matrixes (e.g., seeds, skins and pulp) and possible pretreatments to enhance extraction (e.g., milling, drying and enzymatic digestion). Finally, the effects of extraction conditions, such as pressure, temperature, cosolvent, flow rate and time, are discussed.
keywords
MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; PROCESSING BY-PRODUCTS; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM L.; CO2 EXTRACTION; BETA-CAROTENE; OPERATING-CONDITIONS; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; LYCOPENE EXTRACTION; TRANS-LYCOPENE
subject category
Engineering
authors
Aniceto, JPS; Rodrigues, VH; Portugal, I; Silva, CM
our authors
Carlos Manuel Silva
Associate Professor
Inês Portugal
Assistant Professor
José P. S. Aniceto
Junior Researcher
Vitor Hugo dos Louros Rodrigues
PhD Studentacknowledgements
This work was developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020 and UIDP/50011/2020, financed by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/MCTES. J.P.S.A. acknowledges FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia); I.P. acknowledges funding under the Scientific Employment Stimulus-CEEC Individual 2020-2020.02534.CEECIND. The authors want to thank Project inpactus-innovative products and technologies from eucalyptus, Project Nffi 21874 funded by Portugal 2020 through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the frame of COMPETE 2020 Nffi 246/AXIS II/2017.