abstract
Leishmaniases are among the most impacting neglected tropical diseases. In attempts to repurpose antimalarial drugs or candidates, it was found that selected 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, and pyrazole-containing chemotypes demonstrated activity against Leishmania parasites. This study reports the synthesis and structure of trioxolane-pyrazole (OZ1, OZ2) and tetraoxane-pyrazole (T1, T2) hybrids obtained from the reaction of 3(5)-aminopyrazole with endoperoxide-containing building blocks. Interestingly, only the endocyclic amine of 3(5)-aminopyrazole was found to act as nucleophile for amide coupling. However, the fate of the reaction was influenced by prototropic tautomerism of the pyrazole heterocycle, yielding 3- and 5-aminopyrazole containing hybrids which were characterized by different techniques, including X-ray crystallography. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of L. tropica and L. infantum, and for cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells. Selected compounds were also evaluated against intramacrophage amastigote forms of L. infantum. Trioxolane-pyrazole hybrids OZ1 and OZ2 exhibited some activity against Leishmania promastigotes, while tetraoxane-pyrazole hybrids proved inactive, most likely due to solubility issues. Eight salt forms, specifically tosylate, mesylate, and hydrochloride salts, were then prepared to improve the solubility of the corresponding peroxide hybrids and were uniformly tested. Biological evaluations in promastigotes showed that the compound OZ1 center dot HCl was the most active against both strains of Leishmania. Such finding was corroborated by the results obtained in assessments of the L. infantum amastigote susceptibility. It is noteworthy that the salt forms of the endoperoxide-pyrazole hybrids displayed a broader spectrum of action, showing activity in both strains of Leishmania. Our preliminary biological findings encourage further optimization of peroxide-pyrazole hybrids to identify a promising antileishmanial lead.
keywords
STRUCTURE VALIDATION; LEISHMANIA-INFANTUM; ANTIMALARIAL; IDENTIFICATION; DERIVATIVES; POTENT
subject category
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry
authors
Amado, PSM; Costa, ICC; Paixao, JA; Mendes, RF; Cortes, S; Cristiano, MLS
our authors
Projects
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020)
Associated Laboratory CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (LA/P/0006/2020)
acknowledgements
This study received Portuguese national funds from FCT-the Foundation for Science and Technology, through projects UIDB/04326/2020, UIDP/04326/2020 and LA/P/0101/2020 (CCMar) UIDB/04564/2020, and UIDP/04564/2020 (CFisUC), IF/00743/2015/CP1320, UID/Multi/04413/2019 (GHTM), UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020& LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC (PIDDAC), and from the operational programmes CRESC Algarve 2020 and COMPETE 2020 through project EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121. We gratefully acknowledge FCT for Grants SFRH/BD/130407/2017 and COVID/BD/152392/2022 (P.S.M.A.), SFRH/BD/08242/2020 (I.C.C.C.) and for the Junior Research Position CEECIND/00553/2017 (R.F.M.).