resumo
The application of nano-structured compounds has been increasing rapidly in recent years, in several fields. The use of engineered nano-materials as carriers of antifouling compounds is just beginning and already reveals clear advantages compared to bulk active compounds, such as slowed and controlled release, novel functionality, and high loading capacity. This present study assesses the antifouling efficacy of two nanostructured materials, spherical mesoporous silica nanocapsules (SiNC) and Zn-Al layered double hydroxides (LDH), loaded with two commercial biocides, zinc prithione (ZnPT) and copper pyrithione (CuPT). The study used adult mussels from three geographical regions, the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and the Red Sea, to examine the efficacy of the innovative compounds. The efficacy of these compounds on larvae of the bryozoan Bugula neritina from the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea was also examined. The results of this study demonstrated the environmentally friendly properties of unloaded LDH against the two-model systems, adult mussels or bryozoan larvae. ZnPT entrapped in LDH demonstrated the most effective antifouling compound against the two model systems. A comparison of the impact of the two compounds on macrofouling organisms from the different marine habitats examined in this study indicates a distinction associated with the organisms' different ecosystems. The Red Sea mussels and bryozoans, representing a tropical marine ecosystem, yielded the highest efficacy values among tested Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea mussels and bryozoans.
palavras-chave
ZINC PYRITHIONE; BRYOZOAN LARVAE; ACUTE TOXICITY; COATINGS; SETTLEMENT; BACTERIAL; FILMS; TEMPERATURE; INHIBITION; PROTECTION
categoria
Oceanography
autores
Gutner-Hoch, E; Martins, R; Oliveira, T; Maia, F; Soares, AMVM; Loureiro, S; Piller, C; Preiss, I; Weis, M; Larroze, SB; Teixeira, T; Tedim, J; Benayahu, Y
nossos autores
João Tedim
Professor associado
Roberto Carlos Domingues Martins
Bolseiro de pós-Doutoramentoagradecimentos
We would like to thank the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat (IUI) for logistic support and kind hospitality and T. Shaler for assisting in the antifouling assays. The collection of animals complied with a permit issued by the Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority. This study was supported by the EU FP7 Project "Low-toxic cost-efficient environment-friendly antifouling materials" (OCEAN for Tomorrow) under Grant Agreement No. 612717 and in part by the Israel Cohen Chair in Environmental Zoology to YB. Roberto Martins and Joao Tedim benefitted from a Post-Doctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/93225/2013) and a Researcher grant (IF/00347/2013), respectively, awarded by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT), funded by the Human Potential Operational Programme (POPH) through QREN and European Social Fund (ESF) and by national funds through the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science. Susana Loureiro has a fellowship from the program 'Science without Borders' from CAPES (Project #106/2013). We also acknowledge for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017) and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679; UID/CTM/50011/2013) through national funds and co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.