resumo
The consumption of cytostatics, pharmaceuticals prescribed in chemotherapy, is increasing every year and worldwide, along with the incidence of cancer. The presence and the temporal evolution of cytostatics in wastewaters from a Portuguese hospital center was evaluated through a 9-month sampling campaign, comprising a total of one hundred and twenty-nine samples, collected from May 2019 to February 2020. Eleven cytostatics out of thirteen pharmaceuticals were studied, including flutamide, mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic acid, which have never been monitored before. Target analytes were extracted and quantified by solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis; the method was fully validated. All pharmaceuticals were detected in at least one sample, bicalutamide being the one found with higher frequency (detected in all samples), followed by mycophenolic acid, which was also the compound detected at higher concentrations (up to 5340 +/- 211 ng/L). Etoposide, classified as carcinogenic to humans, was detected in 60% of the samples at concentrations up to 142 +/- 15 ng/L. The risk from exposure to cytostatics was estimated for aquatic organisms living in receiving bodies. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, fluta-mide, megestrol and mycophenolic acid are suspected to induce risk. Long-term and synergic effects should not be neglected, even for the cytostatics for which no risk was estimated.
palavras-chave
WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; ANTICANCER DRUGS; PHARMACEUTICALS; SEWAGE; WASTEWATERS; METABOLITES; REMOVAL; SPAIN; DOXORUBICIN
categoria
Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology
autores
Gouveia, TIA; Silva, AMT; Freire, MG; Sousa, ACA; Alves, A; Santos, MSF
nossos autores
Ana Catarina Almeida Sousa
Colaborador
Mara Guadalupe Freire Martins
Investigador CoordenadorProjectos
Collaboratory for Emerging Technologies, CoLab (EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES)
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020)
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDP/50011/2020)
Associated Laboratory CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (LA/P/0006/2020)
agradecimentos
This research was funded by: Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031297 (CytoStraTech)-funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI) and by national funds (PIDDAC) through FCT/MCTES; NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069 (Healthy Waters) co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement; LA/P/0045/2020 (ALiCE) and Base Funding-UIDB/00511/2020 of LEPABE, and UIDB/50020/2020 and UIDP/50020/2020 of LSRE-LCM, funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). Additional funding was provided by the project IonCytDevice (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031106, PTCD/BTA-BTA/31106/2017) funded by FEDER, through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI), and by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTE) and by projects UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 & LA/P/0006/2020 (CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials) and UIDP/04923/2020 (Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) project). Teresa I. A. Gouveia would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for her PhD grant (SFRH/BD/147301/2019). Monica S. F. Santos acknowledges FCT funding under DL57/2016 Transitory Norm Programme. The authors would also like to thank Aveiro, Agueda and Estarreja hospitals for the possibility of collecting all the samples and Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, namely Eng. Ana Paixao, Nurse Angela Rodrigues and Catia Martins for all the logistics related with sampling and for kindly providing information regarding the consumption data. The assistance of Rafael Francisco during sampling is also acknowledged.