abstract
Furans and their derivatives are well-known chemical building blocks common in plant biomass, and are abundantly used in food, medicines and industrial processes. As a bio-renewable resource, obtainable from the abundant and inexpensive lignocellulosic biomass, there is a growing interest in their study, physico-chemical characterization and application. Due to their biological origin, there is a presumption of low toxicity and high biodegradability for these compounds, which makes them "green" solvents, and thus potential substitutes of the classical organic solvents or oil derived commodities. Surprisingly, their ecotoxicity is poorly characterized. The few studies dealing with the toxicity of furans, namely towards animals, have presented contradictory results. In this work, the toxicity of eighteen furans and their derivatives was evaluated by the Microtox toxicity assay, using the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Different levels of toxicity were observed among the furan derivatives investigated. The results obtained suggest that it might not be adequate to consider furans and their derivatives as "green" solvents as, in general, furans are more toxic than the classical solvents. Nevertheless, more data and studies across more trophic levels are necessary to fully understand the effects of furans on the environment as well as their biodegradability.
keywords
2-FURYL METHYL KETONE; FURFURYL ALCOHOL; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; BIOFUEL CANDIDATE; RISK-ASSESSMENT; LEVULINIC ACID; IN-VITRO; 2,5-DIMETHYLFURAN; ECOTOXICITY
subject category
Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics
authors
Ventura, SPM; de Morais, P; Coelho, JAS; Sintra, T; Coutinho, JAP; Afonso, CAM
our authors
Paulo Jorge Machado Teixeira de Morais
Research Fellowship
Sónia Patrícia Marques Ventura
Assistant Professor
Tânia Ereira Sintra
Post-Doc Fellowshipacknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the financial support from FEDER funds through the program COMPETE and for national fund through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the Projects FCT UID/CTM/50011/2013, UID/DTP/04138/2013 and PTDC/ATP-EAM/5331/2014 financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC and when applicable co-financed by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and European Research Area Network; ERANet LAC (ref. ELAC2014/BEE-0341). The authors also acknowledge the financial support of FCT considering the research grant ELAC2014/BEE-0341, and the post-doctoral and doctoral grants SFRH/BPD/79263/2011, SFRH/BD/85871/2012 and SFRH/BPD/100433/2014 of S. P. M. Ventura, T. E. Sintra and J. A. S. Coelho, respectively.