Critical Considerations on the Clinical Translation of Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs): Recommendations from the European Upconversion Network (COST Action CM1403)

authors	Oliveira, H; Bednarkiewicz, A; Falk, A; Frohlich, E; Lisjak, D; Prina-Mello, A; Resch, S; Schimpel, C; Vrcek, IV; Wysokinska, E; Gorris, HH
nationality	International
journal	ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS
author keywords	bioimaging; efficacy quality and safety (EQS); lanthanides; nanosafety; research development and innovation (R&D&I); safe-by-design; theranostics
keywords	PHOTON-UPCONVERTING NANOPARTICLES; TOXICITY ASSESSMENTS; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; NANOMATERIALS; CHALLENGES; EMISSION; PERSPECTIVES; FLUORESCENT; PARTICLES; FLUORIDE
abstract	The unique photoluminescent properties of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted worldwide research interest and inspired many bioanalytical applications. The anti-Stokes emission with long luminescence lifetimes, narrow and multiple absorption and emission bands, and excellent photostability enable background-free and multiplexed detection in deep tissues. So far, however, in vitro and in vivo applications of UCNPs are restricted to the laboratory use due to safety concerns. Possible harmful effects may originate from the chemical composition but also from the small size of UCNPs. Potential end users must rely on well-founded safety data. Thus, a risk to benefit assessment of the envisioned combined therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) applications is fundamentally important to bridge the translational gap between laboratory and clinics. The COST Action CM1403 The European Upconversion Network-From the Design of Photon-Upconverting Nanomaterials to Biomedical Applications integrates research on UCNPs ranging from fundamental materials synthesis and research, detection instrumentation, biofunctionalization, and bioassay development to toxicity testing. Such an interdisciplinary approach is necessary for a better and safer theranostic use of UCNPs. Here, the status of nanotoxicity research on UCNPs is compared to other nanomaterials, and routes for the translation of UCNPs into clinical applications are delineated.
publisher	WILEY
issn	2192-2640
isbn	2192-2659
year published	2019
volume	8
issue	1
digital object identifier (doi)	10.1002/adhm.201801233
web of science category	Engineering, Biomedical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Biomaterials
subject category	Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science
unique article identifier	WOS:000455779200006