abstract
The well-known synergetic interplay between the skeletal and immune systems has changed the design of advanced bone tissue engineering strategies. The immune system is essential during the bone lifetime, with macrophages playing multiple roles in bone healing and biomaterial integration. If in the past, the most valuable aspect of implants was to avoid immune responses of the host, nowadays, it is well-established how important are the crosstalks between immune cells and bone-engineered niches for an efficient regenerative process to occur. For that, it is essential to recapitulate the multiphenotypic cellular environment of bone tissue when designing new approaches. Indeed, the lack of osteoimmunomodulatory knowledge may be the explanation for the poor translation of biomaterials into clinical practice. Thus, smarter hydrogels incorporating immunomodulatory bioactive factors, stem cells, and immune cells are being proposed to develop a new generation of bone tissue engineering strategies. This review highlights the power of immune cells to upgrade the development of innovative engineered strategies, mainly focusing on orthopaedic and dental applications.
keywords
MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION; FRACTURE REPAIR; IN-VITRO; T-CELLS; OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; MOLECULAR-MECHANISMS; TISSUE REGENERATION
subject category
Materials Science
authors
Nadine, S; Correia, CR; Mano, JF
our authors
Projects
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020)
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDP/50011/2020)
Associated Laboratory CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (LA/P/0006/2020)
acknowledgements
S. Nadine acknowledges the financial support given by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) with the doctoral grant of Sara Nadine (SFRH/BD/130194/2017). This work was financed by national funds (OE) through FCT/MCTES in the scope of the projects TETRISSUE (PTDC/BTM-MAT/3201/2020), and the European Research Council for project ATLAS (ERC-2014-AdG-669858). This work was developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 & LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC (PIDDAC).